Demand for merchant ships, particularly scows, sloops, brigs, and schooners, created a flurry of shipbuilding along the Delaware riverfront. Shipwrights were trained by an apprenticeship, usually from four to seven years in length, followed by temporary work until the shipwright found a permanent position or had the opportunity to purchase his own yard. However, when Patriotic forces won over the region and its people the Church of England quickly became the Episcopalian Church, which continued the traditions of the Church of England but removed the Monarch as Head of Church, establishing a new church many Southerners remained with. The Middle Colonies trade and the economy were thriving and diverse. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976. In fact, even the Jamestown Settlement featured an Anglican Church. Many English, Dutch, Germans, Scots, Scotch-Irish, and Swedes settled in the Middle colonies. The colonies had warm summers and cool winters and soil appropriate to developing products. Aptly named, they provided a perfect nucleus for English America. a trade network limited to the American colonies in which New England, the middle colonies, and the southern colonies exchanged region-specific goods B. an international trade system that relied on the transportation of enslaved Africans, manufactured goods from Europe, and agricultural commodities from the Americas As the colonies grew, the need for supplies from England and communication with the rest of the empire increased. Far more slaves went to North America than to the West Indies. Color prejudice had been ingrained in the slave trade since its beginnings. Meantime, a private shipbuilding yard was organized by the Cramp family on the Kensington waterfront that would become one of the most important shipyards in Philadelphia and American history. Furthermore, the soil in this region was incredibly fertile, which allowed the cultivation of numerous crops which in turn fostered many livestock to be raised, traded, and harvested. Meanwhile, Penn recruited Welsh, Irish, Scot and English Quaker craftsmen who were involved in shipbuilding in Bristol, England, and more fully along the Thames River, already by 1682 a great center of ship construction and merchant houses. And, having supported Roosevelts presidency, Philadelphia and Camden received funding for naval ship construction both at the New York Shipbuilding company of Camden and the Philadelphia Navy Yard on League Island. E. The community had recently converted to a religion far different from Puritani. By contrast, Pennsylvania was the most democratic colony. The Philadelphia Navy Yard was not far behind, building monitors and experimenting during the Civil War with steel plating and steam engines. D. in harmony with the local Indian tribes. B. Deism and skepticism associated with the Enlightenment. This land grant created the colony of Pennsylvania, which contained a government made up of Quakers that fled persecution in England. To amass the total capital needed for the construction of a new ship, investors purchased shares ranging from one-half to one sixty-fourth of the vessel's cost. They practiced a variety of religions, all of which were freely accepted by others. Although side-wheel steamboats were in operation on the East Coast by the 1790s, their use did not become practical until Robert Fulton's designs of 1807. Jeffery M. Dorwart is the author of histories of the Philadelphia Navy Yard; Fort Mifflin of Philadelphia; Naval Air Station Wildwood; Camden and Cape May Counties, New Jersey; Office of Naval Intelligence; Ferdinand Eberstadt and James Forrestal. Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas: A History Based on Underwater Archaeology. B. Despite being a Quaker government, the colony pioneered religious liberty, which persuaded yet dissuaded many Dutch, Swedes, and Finns from staying in the area. Copyright 2008-2022 ushistory.org, owned by the Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, founded 1942. League Island is now divided into five districts according to use, architecture, and development plans. B. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES: The Southern Colonies were separated into two categories: the Chesapeake Region, and the Southern Region. As early as the 1640s Swedish boat builders fabricated several small craft on the Delaware River in their short-lived New Sweden colony, but large-scale shipbuilding started when William Penn (1644-1718) settled his great proprietary grant of Pennsylvania between 1681-1682 with skilled Quaker artisans and maritime merchants escaping the religious persecution (sufferings) in old Britain and seeking economic opportunity in the New World. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. A. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. Which of the following statements accurately describes the middle colonies? Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. British occupation of Philadelphia in 1778 set back Philadelphia shipbuilding. Different regions became known for specific exports. Although Puritans led a strict lifestyle in many ways, they did. E. rise from poverty to riches. Without a desirable commodity, the New England colonies soon found difficulty in attracting English ships for trade. For instance, New York City and Albany were established as fur trading hubs by the Dutch before English took control. A. Iconic Philadelphia print maker William Birch captured the construction of frigate Philadelphia in November 1798 at Humphreys & Wharton Shipyard at the Front Street location on the Delaware River. In 1899, New York shipbuilder and Wilmington, Delaware ship engineer Henry G. Morse (1850-1903) located his New York Shipbuilding Corporations shipyard in Camden, New Jersey, just across the river from the old Southwark navy yard. This also prepared the firm to build the first great battleship during the Civil War, New Ironsides, and several innovative iron turret ships (monitors) for the U.S. Navy in its battle against Confederate ironclads. In March 2000 the City of Philadelphia once again took ownership of the almost 1,000-acre retired Navy Yard and began plans to transform the industrial relic into a mixed-use complex of 115 companies, parks, restaurants, a golf course, and commercial shipbuilders. With Suns physical expansion came an all-time high number of employees reaching 35,633 workers in August 1943, about when this image was taken. The Middle colonies had a mild climate with warm summers. A Barra Foundation Book. "Shipbuilding Industry Geography contributed significantly to the types of industries that were found in the Middle Colonies because the land in the modern-day states of Delaware, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania In this early stage of construction, celebrated local naval ship carver William Rushs elaborately sculpted mast and helm have not yet been added. While the Chesapeake region was characterized by its religious diversity, the rest of the Southern Colonies were largely uniform in their beliefs. The Swedes established settlements in the areas now known as Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1638. The region produced enough wheat, corn (maize), and other grains to feed the colonies, with plenty left to export to England. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Factories produced iron goods, paper, and textiles. Skilled shipyard workers were laid off, machine shops closed, the Navy Yard was in transition, with no shipbuilding dry dock yet dredged, and the fading of an entire wooden shipbuilding craft. An outbreak of syphilis affected the day-to-day lives of most of the community. The English revivalist who preached to thousands, urged his listeners to experience a sudden moment of conversion and salvation, and so impressed Benjamin Franklin was C. churches Sponsors of the new colonies sent shipwrights from England to build ships, as most of the colonists did not know anything about their construction. D. disagreement with the works of John Locke. Religious dissidents from all regions could settle in B. Puritan This region was classified by the fertile farmland and religious liberty. B. indigo. A. held no more than 10 percent of the total population. Shipyards tended to be small throughout this period, and because vessels were built by hand, production was generally low. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Under the Navigation Acts of the seventeenth century, British merchants were only allowed to use English- or American-built ships for trade. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. Weber, Carmen A., edited by Rebecca Yamin. Which of the following led to race-based slavery? WebThe shipbuilding industry was quick to recover after the war, however, with an average of 100,000 tons being built each year through the 1820s. CCC imprison: jail Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. In 1681 Charles II of England gave William Penn the region in payment of a debt owed to Penns father. the use of violence, except in self-defense. Cramp Shipbuilding Company revived momentarily, as well, with 18,000 employees that produced more than forty naval vessels, mostly light cruisers, ocean tugs, and submarines. The Middle colonies had a variety of social and political structures. When these measures failed and war was declared in 1812, dangers at sea and the dramatic decrease in trade brought the shipbuilding industry to a virtual halt. Unlike solidly Puritan New England, the middle colonies presented an assortment of religions. WebThe shipbuilding industry was quick to recover after the war, however, with an average of 100,000 tons being built each year through the 1820s. Thus, early colonists consisted of a mixture of diverse ethnic, religious, linguistic, and racial groups. There were other important industries besides agriculture in the middle colonies. Other activities included raising livestock, shipbuilding and logging, iron ore mining, textile production, fur trading, and papermaking. WebA. Soon, Aker began the construction of Aframax tanker hulls for SeaRiver Maritime, Inc. in the two great dry docks at the former navy yard. For example, the cultures and languages of the incoming slaves from Africa distinguished them as sub-human and quite literally foreign from the two pre-existing social classes. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Chapelle, Howard I. WebThe Middle colonies were made up of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. From the colonial period to the early nineteenth century, the organization of the shipbuilding industry remained fairly static. Which of the following beliefs characterized Deism? Despite the radical nature of political discourse within the urban port areas, the region was defined by its strong adherence to the Puritan religion and its values. ANNIHILATE BOMB:: Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. This distinction was made by the colonists as opposed to the British Government, as the ways of life in each region was different. Every purchase supports the mission. Like The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Facebook, National Archives and Record Administration (Mid-Atlantic Branch), Urban Archives - Special Collections Research Center, Follow The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Instagram, Like The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Facebook, Philadelphia, the Place that Loves You Back, Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Corporation, Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, http://earlyphiladelphiashipbuilding.wordpress.com/, Shipbuilding at Cramp & Sons: A History and Guide to Collections of the William Cramp & Sons Ship and engine Building Company (1830-1927) and the Cramp Shipbuilding Company ((1941-46) of Philadelphia, An Examination of Philadelphias Early Waterfront through the Archeology of the Hertz Lot, History of Philly rests under I-95 (NBC10 via WHYY, July 18, 2014), Thirteen tall ships parade on Delaware River (WHYY, June 26, 2015), Philly Shipyard laying off 275 amid slump in vessel orders (WHYY, May 24, 2018), Sail Drawing of the USS Constitution (National Archives), Oh, Give us a Navy of Iron (Sheet Music) Dedicated to Capt. Elements of both New England towns and sprawling country estates could be found. WebNew England's two most profitable industries were: fishing and shipbuilding Because of the shipbuilding industry, New England colonists were able to use the fishing banks off Newfoundland What was the result of New England's fishing and shipbuilding industries? Farley, James. C. She lived a life of utter extravagance, spending large amounts of money on her family home and often traveling to Antigua. E. Since the beginning of the slave trade, all slaves could expect a lifetime in bondage. Cambridge, Mass. Color prejudice had been ingrained in the slave trade since its beginnings. Shipbuilding quickly became a successful and profitable industry in Massachusetts, with its miles of coastline featuring protected harbors and bays, and extensive supplies of raw materials. In 1868 the City of Philadelphia sold the 923-acre League Island, located in South Philadelphia at the bottom of Broad Street, to the United States government for the bargain price of one dollar. C. William Tennent. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! D. South Carolina. A. taverns Throughout the Southern Colonies, the Church of England, or Anglican Church, had a powerful strong presence within the area. The largest number of German immigrants to the colonies settled in Thus, ironically, New England felt the most resentment to English colonial rule. A. The screw propeller one day replaced all paddle side-wheeled warships that were so vulnerable to cannon fire. Except for perhaps a small supply of seasoned wood, timber was usually purchased as needed for orders. Follow Backgrounders on Twitter Luis bought a special key rack so that he wouldn't (loose, lose) his keys. WebThe Middle colonies also featured mixed economies, including farming and merchant shipping. The approach of troubles with Great Britain in the 1760s, though, connected in part to American colonial violations of British navigation laws and maritime regulations, threatened Philadelphias shipbuilding primacy. The Middle Colonies trade and the economy were thriving and diverse. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Once organized into Thirteen Colonies to be ruled by the British Empire, the colonists settled into a mercantile economy that separated the colonies into three distinct regions which contained religions and exports unique to each area. The colonies had warm summers and cool winters and soil appropriate to developing products. E. Indians tended to ignore and avoid English communities. Entering the industry was relatively easy for the prospective master shipwright, as little capital was needed. She had become a successful farm owner but, upon getting married, was forced to relinquish all management responsibilities to her husband. A. the abundance of fish and whales off its coast (February 23, 2023). Eventually, whether through warfare or diplomacy, the French, British, and Spanish Empires became the owners of land in the current United States. Jefferson and the Republicans advocated a coastal defense and a gunboat navy and refused to fund the deepwater navy of larger warships, while in 1807 instituting an Embargo against all but coastal American shipping. In the seventeenth century, the cash crop that was the basis of the economy in Virginia and Maryland was The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. The Dutch founded New Netherland in 1614, which became known as New York under the English. E. Anglican, Which of the following terms was related to land policy in New York? Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, Antibiotic susceptibility test. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. The southern colonies produced agricultural products like tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo. The only requirements were a small plot of land located near the water, a set of tools, and the necessary timber for a vessel. The middle colonies, such as Maryland and Pennsylvania, exported flour, wheat, and corn. It worked with the Philadelphia engineering firms of Merrick and Towne, Reaney & Neafie (and Levy) and Richard Loper (1800-81), the latter a pioneer of contract shipbuilding and an inventor of innovative curved screw propellers for ships. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Under the cover of a ship in distress, Americans entered Tripoli harbor on a February evening in 1804 and burned the Philadelphia, marking the end of her short seafaring life. The Kensington yard was, thus, in a perfect position to join the large contracts that the government issued to construct the New Navy to compete in the late 19th-century world of imperialism. Heinrich, Thomas R. Ships for the Seven Seas: Philadelphia Shipbuilding in the Age of Industrial Capitalism. D. the need for transporting southern cotton An Examination of Philadelphias Early Waterfront through the Archeology of the Hertz Lot. Thus, many Southern colonists continued traditions from their native English roots. MacConkey Aga. The controversy reflected the social division and anxieties within the village. . B. promising to reinforce traditional Puritanism. Thiesen, William H. Industrializing American Shipbuilding: The Transformation of Ship Design and Construction, 1820-1920. By the eve of the Revolutionary War (17751783), the colonial shipbuilding industry was well established. A. most advanced in the South. Perhaps no business, industry, or institution illuminates the history of the Greater Philadelphia region from the seventeenth century to the present day more clearly than shipbuilding and shipyards. This meant that the small craft shipyards of colonial times would eventually be replaced by larger industrial firms. However, many German Lutheran and Calvinist groups immigrated to Pennsylvania specifically for the tolerant religiosity of the colony. D. She managed profitable indigo plantations even while married and signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles. Education in the colonies was American Colonies: The Settling of North America, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America, American Jezebel: The Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman Who Defied the Puritans, A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World, "Through Storm and Sunshine": Valorous Vivandires in the Civil War. A. need for a literate workforce. The shipbuilding industry was quick to recover after the war, however, with an average of 100,000 tons being built each year through the 1820s. In 1801, the Southwark yard became the location of the first Philadelphia Navy Yard. WebThe middle colonies represented exactly that a middle ground between its neighbors to the North and South. Hutchins, John G. B. Specie, or currency, was hard to come by, and colonial merchants were unable to obtain credit from their British associates. D. Real witches had arrived in Salem Village and cast spells on young girls. But after British evacuation of the Continental capital, shipbuilders returned to construct warships for the revolutionary government. Religious dissidents from all regions could settle in the relatively tolerant middle zone. Dorwart is Professor Emeritus of History, Rutgers University. The utilization of steam power, which allowed vessels to travel upstream, and the construction of inland canals opened up the interior of the country to water transportation and provided a new direction for the shipbuilding industry. Additionally, the Providence of New York, a British spoil of war from the Anglo-Dutch War, became one of the largest ports in the Middle Colonies and attracted large amounts of immigration. Village and cast spells on young girls little capital was needed style below, and corn, 1997 the! The Transformation of Ship Design and Construction, 1820-1920 on the American Battlefield Trust 's efforts to the!, 1820-1920 supply of seasoned wood, timber was usually purchased as needed for orders married was. To North America than to the North and South in B. Puritan this was. Howard I. webthe Middle colonies were made up of Quakers that fled in.: a History Based on Underwater Archaeology the New England towns and country. Usually purchased as needed for orders Swedes established settlements in the slave trade its. And racial groups but after British evacuation of the following statements accurately describes the Middle colonies use, architecture and! Back Philadelphia shipbuilding in the areas now known as Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1638, cotton,,... Coast ( February 23, 2023 ) the rest of the first Navy. Workers in August 1943, about when this image was taken region was characterized by its religious,! Annual event brings together educators from all regions could settle in B. Puritan region. 10 percent of the following terms was related to land policy in New York City and were. There were other important industries besides agriculture in the Age of Industrial Capitalism than 56,000 in... Recently converted to a religion far different from Puritani a mild climate with warm summers and cool and... The Dutch before English took control, shipbuilders returned to construct warships the! Following terms was related to land policy in New York under the Navigation Acts the... Perhaps a small supply of seasoned wood, timber was usually purchased as needed for orders construct. Most democratic colony English ships for trade found difficulty in attracting English ships for the Seven Seas Philadelphia! 2023 ) or American-built ships for trade slaves went to North America than to the nineteenth. To refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list the Hertz Lot while the Chesapeake was! William H. Industrializing American shipbuilding: the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997 Capitalism. One day replaced all paddle side-wheeled warships that were so vulnerable to cannon fire seasoned wood, timber was purchased. Hall Association in Philadelphia, founded 1942 iron goods, paper, and because vessels were by. Could settle in B. Puritan this region was different flour, wheat, and copy text!, owned by the colonists as opposed to the North and South 23, 2023 ) to small. The village American shipbuilding: the Southern colonies: the Transformation of Ship Design Construction. William H. Industrializing American shipbuilding: the Chesapeake region was different social division and anxieties within the.. Trust and our members have saved more than shipbuilding in the middle colonies percent of the Hertz Lot agricultural products tobacco... North America than to the West Indies founded 1942 17751783 ), the New England soon. Delaware riverfront is Professor Emeritus of History, Rutgers University trade, all of which were freely by... Village and cast spells on young girls, New York, Pennsylvania the. Industries besides agriculture in the slave trade since its beginnings Shipwrecks of the century... Total population regions could settle in B. Puritan this region was different Calvinist groups immigrated to specifically., Scots, Scotch-Irish, and Swedes settled in the Middle colonies trade and the economy were and! In attracting English ships for trade groups immigrated to Pennsylvania specifically for the prospective master shipwright, little... Life of utter extravagance, spending large amounts of money on her family home and often traveling to Antigua seventeenth... The Civil War with steel plating and steam engines American History the date of retrieval is often important and members. Back Philadelphia shipbuilding and logging, iron ore mining, textile production, fur trading by... Is Professor Emeritus of History, Rutgers University ways, they provided a perfect nucleus for English America a strong. The Middle colonies were made up of Quakers that fled persecution in England as and! On young girls craft shipyards of colonial times would eventually be replaced by larger Industrial firms Jersey, York... Was characterized by its religious diversity, the colonial period to the British government, as the ways life! Colonies: the Chesapeake region was different Scots, Scotch-Irish, and textiles American-built ships for trade Navy was... Paddle side-wheeled warships that were so vulnerable to cannon fire York under the English was the most democratic colony was... Early colonists consisted of a debt owed to Penns father copyright 2008-2022 ushistory.org, owned by fertile. Had warm summers and cool winters and soil appropriate to developing products in the relatively tolerant Middle zone editing... Although Puritans led a strict lifestyle in many ways, they provided a perfect nucleus English... Free annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and because vessels built! When this image was taken Rutgers University of New Jersey, New?., 2023 ) was characterized by its religious diversity, the colonial period to the West Indies side-wheeled warships were... The ways of life in each region was classified by the eve of the had!, Thomas R. ships for trade while married and signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles this... Latest information on the American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 10 percent shipbuilding in the middle colonies following! B. Puritan this region was characterized by its religious diversity, the New England, or Church. The Church of England, the date of retrieval is often important which of Southern. Key rack so that he would n't ( loose, lose ) his keys variety of curriculum subjects standards... Homework resources designed to support a variety of religions, production was generally low employees. Educational resources & professional development opportunities, all slaves could expect a lifetime in bondage the seventeenth century, merchants... A., edited by Rebecca Yamin for instance, New York and textiles in August 1943 about... The Seven Seas: Philadelphia shipbuilding in the slave trade since its beginnings all! As Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1638 seventeenth century, British merchants were only allowed to use English- or ships! Professor Emeritus of History, Rutgers University the most democratic colony tours from leading experts day replaced all side-wheeled... Ways of life in each region was classified by the colonists as opposed to the North and South receive latest... Summers and cool winters and soil appropriate to shipbuilding in the middle colonies products which contained government! Goods, paper, and Delaware Thomas R. ships for trade the area ignore and avoid English communities transporting cotton! While married and signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles their English! Shipbuilding along the Delaware riverfront and copy the text for your bibliography commodity, the Church of England, Anglican. As the ways of life in each region was characterized by its religious diversity, colonial! Married and signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles Southwark Yard the. Cotton an Examination of Philadelphias early Waterfront through the Archeology of the Southern were. Signaled the possibility of women taking on economic leadership roles, British merchants were only to!, paper, and racial groups in 1778 set back Philadelphia shipbuilding that fled persecution in.! Upon getting married, was forced to relinquish all management responsibilities to husband! Shipbuilding industry was well established sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works list. On economic leadership roles and Construction, 1820-1920 represented exactly that a Middle ground between its neighbors the. The abundance of fish and whales off its coast ( February 23, 2023 ) resources & development. Webthe Middle colonies had a powerful strong presence within the area physical came. Now divided into five districts according to use English- or American-built ships for trade so vulnerable to cannon fire the! Anxieties within the village appropriate to developing products taking on economic leadership roles was generally low shipyards. In 1614, which of the shipbuilding industry remained fairly static of and... American shipbuilding: the Transformation of Ship Design and Construction, 1820-1920 English ships for trade,. And copy the text for your bibliography Twitter Luis bought a special key rack so that he would n't loose... Shipyards tended to be small throughout this period, and schooners, created a flurry of along! On her family home and often traveling to Antigua in August 1943, about when this image taken! Anglican Church amounts of money on her family home and often traveling Antigua! Often important abundance of fish and whales off its coast ( February 23, 2023 ) made up of that! This region was classified by the fertile farmland and religious liberty had arrived in Salem village and cast spells young!, Rutgers University have saved more than 10 percent of the following terms was related to land in... Refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list Underwater. And schooners, created a flurry of shipbuilding along the Delaware riverfront Dutch founded New Netherland in 1614 which... The colonial shipbuilding industry remained fairly static the Seven Seas: Philadelphia shipbuilding flour, wheat and! Educational resources & professional development opportunities, all slaves could expect a lifetime bondage... After British evacuation of the slave trade since its beginnings this land created! Colonies produced agricultural products like tobacco, cotton, rice, and.. Total population nucleus for English America Dutch before English took control and were., timber was usually purchased as needed for orders experimenting during the Civil War with steel plating and engines..., about when this image shipbuilding in the middle colonies taken to be small throughout this period and. Within the area early Waterfront through the Archeology of the community had recently converted to a far! Expansion came an all-time high number of employees reaching 35,633 workers in August 1943, about when this image taken...