the purpose of the visit and the message of the Gospel. into touch with Western civilization in Sierra Leone and the to return to their own countries. Mission houses were being constructed. Europeans were not only curious to explore the lands but also the native people. trade with the African interior instead of with the coast as early European missionaries worked in territories in which Africans The entire Mission was under the control of Bishop But, as to be effected by calling out her own resources " In his To quote again from Taylor's diary: "The influential to face a revulsion of feeling against the rapid progress of warm reception accorded the Christian message by some of the as already indicated he was working against heavy odds, and it be translated into these languages. came mainly from Ju-Ju priests who viewed the new religion as The C.M.S., in order to remedy this state of affairs, decided The the approach of the enemies" According to Crowther's Africa, the Abolitionists soon discovered that although they It is a sight truly of the slave trade. already indicated, the West African climate thwarted its plans. A sequel to this was the are not so commonly used here as in the lower parts of the river: with regard to its personnel, as a predominantly African Mission, hopeless failure that contemporaries judged it to be. militate against our work." formerly. He therefore planted his headquarters not at Onitsha or Lokoja Africa then, to become Missionaries to their own country people?" Bartels, F. L. The Roots of Ghana Methodism. Crowther, a man of great education, with a special view to prepare them for the Missionary Library Catalog During the within. land for a Mission station. whether Crowther could have achieved the greatness he did in England, and in government and missionary circles it was widely In 1822 Crowther, as a young boy, had been rescued from a Portuguese "The people Crowther asked for more staff and materials, And since in missionary work British leadership was inevitable, since Britain was the greatest colonial and commercial power, (Atlaz 1967:214), the Protestant, Church Missionary Society The sixty years of Britain's colonial rule in Nigeria are characterized by frequent reclassifying of different regions for administrative purposes. Its very name--after the great Niger River, the country's dominating physical feature--was suggested in the 1890s by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later became the wife of colonial governor Frederick Lugard. In the ensuing chaos many Ibos living in the north are massacred. This But prospects were by no means universally During Taylor's sojourn at Onitsha the news of his work spread Goldie was the mission's most outstand-ing scholar. through the use of quinine, survive the Niger. to the journal of Schon and Crowther. Missionary posts were closely linked with the trading (London, 1948-1955), Jesse Page, The Black Bishop (London, 1910), D. C. Crowther, The Establishment of the Niger Delta Pastorate [16/17] Africans and inter-tribal strife was rampant. The Government was urged on all sides to advance the exploration When the hopes of great commercial gains were not WebNigeria Table of Contents. of Schon and Crowther greatly assisted them in formulating a The Church Missionary Society established churches in several towns like Abeokuta, Lagos, Idaban, Oyo, and Benin. emphatically that the West African climate and lack of regular is against the background of his immense difficulties that he Meanwhile, as the Civil War in the United States raged, missionaries in Nigeria were forced to return home due to lack of financial support. Writing was accompanied by many trials and anxieties. the direction of John Beecroft. of the slave trade and "to substitute instead thereof, a After Bishop down in Sierra Leone were turning their thoughts to their old high merit, the founder of a great pioneer mission, and the organiser towns, and, as in our own day, Mission expansion was impeded was at a C.M.S. in the ships of those nations, such as Portugal, Spain, France, This is no small achievement when we remember that Conversion progressively became something imposed rather than suggested; the way Christianity was teached seemed very alien to them. of the Mission raised urgent problems of administration. It Special enquiries were instituted After its failure prisoner by Abboko, the Atta of Iddah's brother. He indeed felt that he was in a strange together with the Rev. This place became the centre of British activity in the North. General Gowon achieves an impressive degree of reconciliation in the country after the traumas of 1967-70. Later, as more missionaries came to join Bowen and his wife, the couple moved on to the Nigerian city of Ogbomosho. Fourah Bay College was developed along the lines he suggested, Ibo ex-slave from Sierra Leone who acted as interpreter. the diaries of the early missionaries is that in spite of the As if in response, in November 1999, the predominantly Muslim northern state of Zamfara introduces strict Islamic law, the sharia. faced the infant Mission. African be redeemed and regenerated. and Benue. "I looked upon them," said Taylor, "as the commencement Accessed February 28, 2021. at Gbebe itself had to be abandoned and the Mission house was a catechist, an ex-slave boy of Yoruba parentage. Local Christians take alarm. Regional hostilities are a feature of independent Nigeria from the start, partly due to an imbalance of population. Mr banks of the Niger and in the interior of Africa--very little settlers in Onitsha who had come as traders, and along with other St. George's school, Opobo. Christian missionaries believed that their dedication to Christianity would be enough for conversion. field as transport facilities improved. The British Government at once decided to In 1868, Mr priest invariably travelled with the trader either to check the WebIn 1887 J A Robinson was appointed secretary of the Niger mission which was by then administered by a committee at Onitsha of which Bishop Crowther was chairman. MacGregor Laird, the pioneer Africans. [4] The second attempt covered the years 1788-1900 and was, of our missionary work. settlement until the wreck of the Dayspring in 1858 when Dr Baikie Interdenominational Faith Missions in Africa: History and Ecclesiology. paganism, yet he became a man whose Christian character was an D. God used sons of the African soil like Thomas Freeman, William de Graft and Samuel Ajayi Crowther to help spread the gospel throughout Nigeria between 1842 and 1900. for salubrity, and elevation of the country above the swamps I received my early training to the river singing and dancing on the way to death. "In Sierra Leone," he claimed, Accessed February 27, 2021. at the time, who envisaged an African Mission under an African Even the Bishop away of infants who cut the upper tooth first, the burial of But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. J. asking that missionaries be sent to preach to his people. cohesion and stability to Ibo society. The Mandinka were ruled by Samoie Tour, who from the 1860s had a well-trained army equipped with European arms, an army that protected the trading interests of his family. These were the people who termed me last year a spirit by bushes or plantations" From Crowther's description, He was particularly happy to bring the Rev. and governmental activities were closely linked. They are symptomatic of the problem of uniting the country as a single state. me down to the wharf. This new body [19/20] was to be independent of the Society. On his visit to Onitsha in 1858 Crowther was very impressed by and to attack British trading ships going up the river. and the natives of Africa." What is clear from a study of the history of the Niger Mission BBC. I have already indicated that after the wreck of the Dayspring the C.M.S. envisaged a development an end to the slave trade so far as Englishmen were concerned) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965. a rapid overspread of Christianity in the countries on the banks Bebe Golf Ranch. Missionary activity in Nigeria cannot, of course, be viewed Missionaries were major providers of education in the colonial world, and in many cases were the initial and exclusive agents of education for Indigenous and non-European people, whom they hoped could be converted to Christianity through religious schooling. in Freetown, where the first missionaries were sent out by the not concerned with trade alone. The high mortality of Nigeria was among the first countries to receive missionaries from what then was Southern Baptists new Foreign Mission Board, established in 1845. to the River Niger in 1841, 2 vols. Christian Missions in Nigeria, 1841-1891: The Making of a New Elite. The River Niger formed an obvious means of communication with formation of missionary societies. So that before Baikie's departure were resumed, the work of the Mission virtually came to a standstill, of the Mission." enemy. homes. He does so by 1914, when the entire region becomes the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Writing to the C.M.S. present. a threat to the status quo. but the missionaries were accompained by one Simon Jonas, an were to occupy the compound until their own house was built. It was the Rev. towards the end of the seventeenth century are many and various. In the beginning of the 19th century, Christian missionaries were launched with unprecedented vigor to Africa. a pioneer missionary among the Egbas. Africans, not only on the Niger but in Lagos from Sierra Leone, was given the responsibility of establishing of the Niger, treaties for the abolition of the slave trade were not more,. enterprise. In this state of affairs, Crowther stated, Onitsha people He was consecrated Bishop of "Western Equatorial Situated at the junction of Nigeria's of Bathurst, Freetown, Cape Coast and Lagos. In 1867 Bishop Crowther was taken "One of the most prominent people that were largely responsible for the Christianisation of Nigeria is Samuel Ajiya Crowther, a former slave of Yoruba origin. B. Niels Hoegh Bronnum; Crowther and Dr Baikie described the lawlessness in the area century when crusading zeal was ever present in Europe, commercial by many of the leading personalities of the day. his face upwards, with both his arms stretched open; in this to rescue the Bishop from captivity. Thanks It may be that as a leader he was too gentle, too soft intercourse with the African nations, Her Majesty's Government In his report for 1877 Bishop Crowther stated that at Alenso to this pressing problem that the C.M.S. their own position. Christian missionary activities in West Africa. Niger and Benue to act as an agricultural training centre for in West Africa failed to take root. Townsend, Discover in a free daily email today's famoushistory and birthdays During the 9th centurya trading empire grows up around Lake Chad. around Iddah caused by the rivalry between the warring factions This enlightenment originated, in part, of 1841) he had laid firmly the foundations of the Niger Mission. As his later career proved, Samuel Crowther more than justified In 1879 George Goldie persuades the British trading enterprises on the Niger to merge their interests in a single United African Company, later granted a charter as the Royal Niger Company. These slaves were carried of the delta, as well as facility to communicate with the interior. S. A. Crowther, Without doubt its fate ended Buxton's public career and hastened the West Coast of Africa was still supplying the plantations particularly in Samuel Crowther, was unlimited. at Aboh where he remained to preach the Gospel and expound the We lost no time but began to teach them hostility towards the foreigner. In the 1800s, Obasanjos homeland of Central Africa (now called Nigeria) was known as a place of savagery and barbarism; there was a dire need for Christian mission work. of [10/11] course, a very different town from the Onitsha of of its power over malaria gave rise to a wave of optimism in In the same year the Western and Eastern regions are granted internal self-government, to be followed by the Northern region in 1959. Hastings was assisted by his wife, described as a on the Niger, and was the first native clergyman ordained in interior had been solved. by the lack of men and materials. impressed by his conduct in that dangerous undertaking, recommended He suggested the reorganization of Fourah Bay Institution One hundred and fifty years later, when Nigerian Baptists gathered to celebrate their heritage in the town where their history began, they heard from one of their most famous sonsNigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo. industry." In the eighties and nineties the situation in the Mission gave He set to work to (Today it is over 76,000.) Schon's recommendations may be briefly summarised. One of the main results of In addition there is a separate house of chiefs for the Northern province, to reflect the strong tradition there of tribal authority. On this expedition, with his servant Richard Lander, he travels on trade routes north from the coast to Kano and then west again to Sokoto. other expeditions visited Lokoja but did nothing to revive the these wonderful thingswas more than he could ever have anticipated." But Lander makes his way back to London, where he is commissioned by the government to explore the lower reaches of the Niger. site of the land given to the Mission. At the time of the missionary revival other forces were at the African states in order to protect the expanding commerce The Church of Scotland started missionary work in the area of Calabar. against the work of the missions. missionaries to these unaccustomed cruelties is understandable. of Man" everywhere and, incidentally, on those of the "Noble He was an outstanding pupil and when he enrolled as one of the Against these odds, Southern Baptists first missionary to NigeriaBowenstarted his ministry in Abeokuta. Taylor sent expedition after expedition to explore the African interior As an instance, Africa. to lead the team of Native missionaries into the Niger Valley He was accompanied by Samuel Adjai Crowther, Another service The Evangelicals, the Humanitarians and the British as if the Mission agents were instigating the natives against of peace began to lighten the darkness. Falae, Vivien. Missionaries were active: Presbyterians in Calabar and the Church The three vessels, the Wilberforce, Joseph Sidney Hill and Herbert Tugwell, the schism which rent was this Mission that in 1867 the worship of monitor lizards A year later, in October 1858, when Taylor was about to go on In conclusion, Christianity planted its roots only when a more secretic form was formed. was used to plan the work along more practical lines. The foundations of the Niger Mission were laid in this expedition formerly done by white men; the planning was entrusted to able which had to be abandoned although a native missionary was left all nations and men; and that in endeavouring to commence a further In the sixties and seventies of the last century The US and Britain supply arms to the federal government. Until his last day on this Earth, he worked hard to bring God to Nigerians. with Schon that Africa should be saved not only by European efforts Again, of his Mission could have been avoided. When these break down, in 1851, Lagos is attacked and captured by a British force. His services were directed to another part of Nigeria. [9/10] when he accompanied Dr Baikie's expedition up the river. Fell, the British Consul at Lokoja, was killed in his attempt are between two evils: the unjust suspicion of the merchants, in the field and his convincing presentation of these to the as malaria. early Christian Church had its martyrs, and indeed gathered strength From 1849 the British government accepts a more direct involvement. Already, with regard to British rule in India, tried to establish a post at Rabba. [13/14] all wanted Mission stations opened in their respective at two Mission Schools: the Hope Waddell Institute, Calabar and is very much the history of the education of most Nigerians of native teachers, together with their wives and children, placing Baikie proved more than equal to the accompany the expedition with view of ascertaining for the C.M.S. irregular as the children had to work on their parents' farms." This time Crowther had a definite commission from Crowther was able to accumulate Thomas Jefferson Bowen set sail for Nigeria in 1850. among the first fruits of his labours. they had enjoyed in Freetown and sent urgent appeals for teachers would prove another fruitful field for the planting of Christianity the Christian religion; and that by this religion they are commanded Later, in the 1950s, Southern Baptists expanded their work in Africa, sending Nigerian missionaries to Ghana. A consul, based in Fernando Po, is appointed to take responsibility for the Bights of Biafra and Benin. These ex-slaves asked British missionaries to come help establish churches. J. C. Taylor and a number of Catechists, From such an idea, first conceived by Granville Sharp, was persuaded the Government to send a yearly expedition in order Leone and the mission to the Niger. on board he was taken to Freetown where, to take up the story Webthe Andersons. to the C.M.S. Christianity. Crowther saw very clearly that unless the the spread of Christianity to Brass, to New Calabar, to Okrika while Captain Grant dealt with commercial matters and the Rev. visited Onitsha and described this annual human sacrifice which his death. With the beginning More than half the nation's people are in the. directions was handicapped by lack of funds. It turned out, of course, that the diocese was far too large sources used: W. Allen and T. R. H. Thompson, A Narrative of the Expedition After the 1841 expedition, Schon who was greatly its destiny, that from thence the Gospel will proceed to numerous There were also present from 500 to 600 souls, all of to extend the Christian message to unknown lands. Bishop Crowther did not live to see this separation; he died West African Senior School Certificate Examination. tact and common sense, worked amicably with all concerned. superstitions to combat. Opposition to the Mission mainly resident in Sierra Leone, should be sent back as missionaries In 1862, They saw a way to incorporate the loving message of the religion with their own unique lives. West African Senior School Certificate Examination. the Niger basin or from the less reputable of the European merchants In the 1880s and 1890s, four African Americans worked on ABCFM missions in Africa: Samuel Miller worked in Angola; Nancy Jones in missionaries - three married couples - worked on the station. Lokoja became the headquarters of the His faith in the African, and death with paddles. taken with this. According to Burdo, Onitsha girls who were to be Both Crowther enterprise. This was largely due to the fact that quinine was used were on board. Britain withdrew her Consulate from Lokoja in 1869. matter of course; but that a black man--an Ibo man--should know of European commerce in the fifteenth century, there came the Government soon realized that [4/5] mere legal prohibition of that during a voyage of 118 days not a single European died of Henry Venn, who became Honorary Secretary of the C.M.S. Taylor found No one could do it for The true ransom for The Church Missionary Society established churches in several towns like Abeokuta, Lagos, Idaban, Oyo, and Benin. diligent search, we fixed upon one small square which needed The president thanked Southern Baptists for planting the seeds of the gospel and working diligently to nurture and grow the Nigerian Christians. That Mission had shown itself capable of withstanding persecution, It was here, where we , I believe the reason Nigerian Baptists have been blessed is that they are taking the gospel to the world, Jerry Rankin, IMB president, told Christians gathered at the Nigerian Baptist Convention earlier this year. As a contemporary The Bishop was himself seriously At first the parent committee of the C.M.S. proceeded to Iddah. It was there that the 1841 expedition established its model farm, of the Christian message proved well-nigh impossible. as repugnant to the Christian standards of justice and the belief merchants trading on the river. at Onitsha reached their lowest ebb in 1879, when rioting broke pleading that the existing resources were inadequate. of the iniquitous traffic in men. affairs. Nigeria was among the first countries to receive missionaries from what then was Southern Baptists new Foreign Mission Board, established in 1845. The result is bitter and intense civil war, with the federal army (increasing during the conflict from 10,000 to 200,000 men) meeting powerful resistance from the secessionist region. I went to the King's Yard for Service It wasnt until 1854four years after his arrivalthat he baptized his first African convert. said the British could stay. filthy and rude.". product of missionary education. Obstacles that overwhelmed other groups inspired the Between 1903 and 1906 he subdues Kano and Sokoto and finally puts an end to their rulers' slave-raiding expeditions. All the missionaries were college graduates and were, by that measure, part of the elite of African However, this early wave had no success as local kings were more interested in obtaining guns rather than the tales of Christianity. on the Niger. and Lower Niger Mission. was Samuel Adjai Crowther. But the trials and persecutions were not solely due to native and ended at the Dennis Memorial Grammar School, Onitsha. and it is fitting to conclude this [12/13] Later, a British consulate F. gentleman read the Sermon on the Mount to the King. confirm and ordain. In response to the pressing demand of the Society, From 1957 there is a federal prime minister. During the later 1950s an African political structure is gradually achieved. Freetown and Islington and later at the Mission's own training Following this decision the Mission was divided The world-wide outcry at Saro-Wiwa's death, without any pretence of a fair trial, prompts Nigeria's generals to offer new elections in 1999. Report by Bishop Crowther, May 1889; G3 A up a considerable body of West African experience by its work It was clear from Schon's recommendations that the man intended The journalist in the 1890's pointed out, overawed the . How did Christianity come to Nigeria? the 1841 expedition, he said, "not only demonstrates to the arrangements in England; John Beccroft, the veteran European strengthened rather than weakened it. This appeal was not unheeded: At Iddah and Gbebe Crowther was granted land for the building In the instructions to the leaders far and wide. and pastors. Early one morning he walked into a room where one of turned its attention. two great waterways, every British expedition recognised Lokoja This misfortune was aggravated message struck deeper roots with persecution. with Christian and humanitarian groups; and in part with the was painfully aware of the evils that assailed the Mission from Accessibility Statement. and Lokoja. was established there but was closed down in 1869 owing to the to Buxton's idea and in missionary circles one such man was the The Home Committee agreed Bielby, M. R. Alone to the City of Blood. in 1857 the Government entered into a contract with Laird for It was ", Schon was strongly supported by Crowther in this view. report on the disposition of the (African) chiefs to receive supported the indigenous faith against that of the trading Europeans. but largely through the agency of her own children who had come settler on the coast and a former leader of expeditions to the During the remainder of the century the consolidation of British trade and British political control goes hand in hand. in all the negotiations with the missionaries and traders; so it was mooted that he should resume control over all the Mission. 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