Integrating Population, Health, and Environment Interventions in the Philippines: The People and Environment Coexistence Development Project. Expensive to implement and maintain. Coastal management aims to protect homes, businesses and the environment from erosion and flooding. Because if you dont protect coastal ecosystems like oyster reefs, marshes, and seagrass beds, then you can lose a lot of the benefits that we derive from the coast, including productive fisheries, outdoor recreational opportunities, erosion control, storm protection, and water quality. The situation is similar in rural Honduras, where women earn about half of what men do.29, Being less visible in their work, women are also less likely to have access to decisionmakers or to be consulted about the management of natural resources. SMP3 Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point. Part of the process is also to remove excess water from the cliff so that it is discouraged from flowing along areas of weakness. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) et al.. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Sara Curran et al., Interactions Between Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Human Population Systems: Perspectives on How Consumption Mediates This Interaction,, United Nations System-Wide Earthwatch, Oceans and Coastal Areas, accessed online at http://earthwatch.unep.net/oceans/. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. To read the full study, which was published in the Ecological Society of Americas journal, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, click here. 1 - Sea wall on the Isle of Wight, UK. They break up and dissipate wave energy. Subscribe to receive more outdoor adventures, and an in depth look at our local forests and waterways by Email. Planting dead trees in the sand to stabilise dunes. Monitoring coastal changes and then using adaptation or mitigation to respond to the observed differences. Fortunately, the UK has frameworks in place for dealing with coastal management. December 2022 - You are accessing an archived version of our website. Thats when we need good, creative, dedicated people. The problem is particularly acute in developing countries. Why is hard engineering an expensive method? Fig. Improves the strength of the cliff and prevents rocks from falling. Landscaping your coastal property provides a range of benefits. Integrated coastal management (ICM), an internationally accepted approach to managing resources that is based on the United States 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act, allows policymakers and planners to take population issues into account when looking at the pressures, threats, and opportunities facing coastal areas. An ICZM manages the Mediterranean. Kenya, Liberia, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, have lost over 70 percent of their mangroves.14. What is conflict in the context of coastal management? Designed and Developed by PenciDesign. Managing population pressures in coastal zones is difficult because those regions encompass many physical, social, and regulatory divisions. Coastal regions, areas that are home to a large and growing proportion of the worlds population, are undergoing environmental decline. WebHuman actions that lead to the destruction of dune grasses and the disturbance of coastal landforms promote increased erosion and movement of beach materials. Adopted on 4 August 1995, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement) entered into force on 11 December 2001. Prevents longshore drift, flooding, and erosion. Tourism, fishing, and aquaculture are industries with major economic influences on coastal ecosystems. Monitor and Assess Human Impacts on the Marine Environment. Therefore, their only impact is to change where erosion is occurring. POPs tend to linger in living tissue and become more concentrated as they move up the food chain, so they are sometimes found even in people who live in remote, undeveloped regions. If not properly managed, development can result in pollution, deforestation, and inadequate management of soil, water, pesticides, and fertilizers. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land-based sources; the remaining 20 percent comes from atmospheric sources, including acid rain and marine-based sources such as oil spills.21 As coastal communities grow, sewage can become a threat to local waterways: Demand often exceeds available sewage treatment, and much of the sewage is dumped without being treated. Aside from the more tangible benefits of these ecosystems, mangroves offer value that is much less easily quantified, in the form of aesthetics, culture, spirituality, and recreation. ]1>v_BK;wK;lX?H{;;; HW.%\NASdBa7z&h~zo|Gn"e$!:2\21o65__8R7t;b'pX Nkka 4xlyg'JxnYK%W%nxAU[6N:iMC'G]X~hl3fq In the Caribbean, official estimates say that 70,000 tons of waste are generated annually from tourism activities.17 Yachts, charter boats, and cruise ships are major sources; they bring visitors to ports that often have inadequate collection systems for dealing with the solid waste discharged by the ships. It can have a stepped or bullnose profile. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that South Asian waters are at the highest risk of pollution: 825 million people in the region do not have basic sanitation services.23 In Mumbai, India, for instance, almost half of the citys 12 million residents are either slum dwellers or homeless with little access to sewage and sanitation facilities. Or the even more vexing problem of one group of people taking advantage of the ecosystems and causing OTHER PEOPLE to lose the benefits of those ecosystems? catch(e){var iw=d;var c=d[gi]("M331907ScriptRootC264917");}var dv=iw[ce]('div');dv.id="MG_ID";dv[st][ds]=n;dv.innerHTML=264917;c[ac](dv); Contaminants and activities that destroy coastal habitats and ecosystems also contribute to the loss of the marine fauna on which many people rely for food and income. Please limit your input to 500 characters. These may include the value of land, homes and businesses that will be protected. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Inexpensive hard engineering structure, but not very effective or attractive. What are coastal engineering approaches designed to do? However, as coastal development increases such as buildings, roads, parking lots, and flood-prevention infrastructure like levees and seawalls the paths wetlands could take for inland migration may become blocked. This good feeling appears to be shared by others a study out of England found that people living near the coast reliably report that they are healthier than people of similar age, gender, etc., who live farther inland. Understanding how population issues can be integrated into coastal management will help policymakers, program managers, and communities design more viable and sustainable strategies for using and safeguarding the worlds coasts and the resources they provide. Soft engineering is a more sustainable management strategy than hard engineering because it has a lower environmental impact and economic cost. Mangrove roots keep soil in place, which dissipates wave energy and prevents erosion. Consequently, many coastal nations have experienced rapid uncontrolled development along their coastlines. Just as beautiful beaches foster healthy coastal economies, eroding or unusable Approximately two-thirds of the worlds population live within a few kilometres of the coast. This policy brief looks at how population growth, urbanization, and other factors affect coastal resources; how environmental degradation influences peoples lives; and how policymakers can integrate population and resource management issues. The Coastal GasLink (CGL) pipeline is a 670-kilometer-long natural gas pipeline designed to carry natural gas from mines in north-eastern British Columbia to a liquefaction plant located at the port of Kitimat, where the gas will be converted into the liquefied state for being exported to the global market. Evidence links long-term, low-level exposure to certain POPs with reproductive, immunological, neurological, and other problems in marine organisms and humans.25 In Mozambique, for example, more than 100 factories in and around the capital city of Maputo do not have waste treatment plants; toxic wastes, poisons, nondegradable substances, and organic matter are drained into coastal waters.26 These toxins can kill or contaminate marine life; people who eat seafood from polluted areas or who swim in contaminated waters are vulnerable to gastric and other infections. In fact, 14 of the worlds 17 largest cities are located along coasts. Trees, shrubs, groundcovers, and grasses growing along the coast, particularly native species, provide shelter, nesting areas, and food for wildlife. What does this mean? What is a cost-benefit analysis in terms of coastal management? This fall weve been looking at the ecosystem services provided by the various habitats, whether its the food it provides us or the protection they provide us from storm surge. Another advantage of coastal development is the opportunities coastal lands offer for leisure and recreation. Coastal Development One of the biggest threats to remaining mangrove forests is coastal development. Marine fisheries and aquaculture (the controlled cultivation and harvesting of freshwater and marine organisms) produce close to 100 million tons of fish, shellfish, and edible plants every year, providing a livelihood for about 35 million people, most of whom live in developing countries.18 Overharvesting to meet global consumers growing demand for seafood can deplete many species and alter the biological structure of coastal ecosystems. Definition. Activities of coastal development (V chng A Ph T Hoi) Soft engineering uses ecological principles and practices, which have less of a negative impact on the natural environment. var D=new Date(),d=document,b='body',ce='createElement',ac='appendChild',st='style',ds='display',n='none',gi='getElementById',lp=d.location.protocol,wp=lp.indexOf('http')==0?lp:'https:'; In other areas, higher coastlines and ridges limit the relative area available for landward migration. In the Caribbean, for instance, diving tourism has helped raise awareness about the need for reef conservation. The disadvantages are that the ongoing costs are high as the sediment needs replacing every few years as waves remove it. A)xNw} _M>N>4|O|+rMj;n_e)v/p5 ot"[ R *ej! Joan Castro et al., Integrating Population and Coastal Resource Management for Food Security The Philippines Model (2000), accessed online at www.path.org/philippines/phils_model.htm, on June 20, 2003. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. It must involve all stakeholders, plan for the long term, and work with the natural processes and not against them. Migration is a key factor affecting coastal zones. These effects can be positive or negative. When concentrated in small, confined, and overcrowded areas such as coastal zones, pollution and other problems pose greater threats to human health. Multiple stakeholders, including representatives from all levels of government, NGOs, indigenous groups, communities, and the private sector; A strong scientific foundation to inform the management process; A formalized mandate and funding mechanisms; Formal decisionmaking that incorporates social, environmental, and economic data; Public participation starting at the initial stages of policy formulation and program development; Community-based management initiatives to develop community experience, build support, and provide information about regional or national programs; Capacity building of local experts through training, education, and applied research; Strong outreach services that provide information and education to all levels of management; and. Dredging may affect the local coastal habitats. Create and find flashcards in record time. There are 11 sediment cells in England and Wales, and there are 22 SMP's, Can you name any of the SMPs around the coastline of the UK. Include Population Data in Baseline Studies on Coastal and Marine Resources. The average population density in coastal areas is about 80 persons per square kilometer, twice the worlds average population density.7 Up to 50 percent of the population in northern Africa and Bangladesh lives in coastal areas; along the Nile Delta, the population density reaches 500 to 1,000 people per square kilometer.8 The additional demands that high population density places on the coasts have meant that higher density is associated with increased risks to marine ecosystems. The idea of cliff stabilisation is to limit the amount of erosion and the potential for landslides, collapse, and falling rocks. Its becoming increasingly crucial for governments and individual councils to manage coastlines to protect them from coastal erosion and flooding due to changing sea levels. What are the three critical factors of an ICZM? R. Layng, Strengthening Formative Environmental Research Through the Inclusion of Population Variables,. 2. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. The Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States was held from 1 to 4 September 2014 in Apia, Samoa. Bnitez et al., A Platform for Action for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves in the Gulf of Fonseca.. Why does the coastline need to be managed? The material used, sand or gravel, is natural and blends in with the existing beach. Therefore a decision to protect one coastal community may not outweigh the disadvantages of exposing another community to increased erosion. These wetlands provide positive benefits for nature and society by serving as habitats for fish and wildlife, improving water quality, lessening flooding impacts, supporting coastal food webs, protecting coastlines, as well as providing recreational opportunities. What are the disadvantages of a sea wall? Of all the hard engineering approaches, groynes are the most problematic as sediment builds up behind them on the uplift side, extending the beach seaward. They also interfere with longshore drift to such an extent that beaches further down the coast are starved of the sediment they need, leading to increased erosion. Please remove any contact information or personal data from your feedback. The idea is to make the beach larger to dissipate the wave energy, thereby reducing wave erosion. I love the coast, and I especially love living along the coast. Regular collection of reliable data to measure the success of management initiatives. Please limit your input to 500 characters. A .mass.gov website belongs to an official government organization in Massachusetts. The high concentration of people in coastal regions has produced many economic benefits, including improved transportation links, industrial and urban Devils Walkingstick: Your New Favorite Thorny Pollinator Plant? Bathing in or ingesting sewage-contaminated water can cause infections and transmit diseases such as cholera, particularly among children under 5.22 In developing countries, more than 90 percent of wastewater and 70 percent of industrial wastes are discharged in coastal waters without being treated. The anticipated cost of the coastal management plan is compared to the expected benefits of a scheme. The table below shows the common types of hard engineering. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. They are designed to prevent longshore movement of sediment and encourage deposition, creating a broader and higher beach. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Our region of the Big Bend of Florida is unique in that significant tracts of undeveloped coastal areas remain. CARICOMP is one example of a functioning international program for monitoring the coastal marine environment and can be used as a model for other countries or regions.38. Its aims are: Coastal management involves decisions that will affect peoples lives. But higher population densities may have beneficial effects as well: As population grows, some governments make greater investments in infrastructure such as sewer lines and sewage treatment plants that ultimately reduce levels of environmental contamination. WebPopulation growth in coastal areas is increasing the demand for infrastructure and services such as roads, water, sewerage and power. Liz Creel prepared this policy brief with assistance from PRB staff and other colleagues. Rainera L. Luero and Robert Layng, Understanding Reproductive Health/Natural Resource Management Integration in the Philippines,. 80!1xR&Y:E7L7V^*5T>aFJ-JPRVpO@wUMw rIVJ,b,c}BrY@u|Vb'Ay7IS.>U~l&#"'{-Odd-x^K 'pH:y What does no active intervention mean in terms of an SMP? Create a more consistent water level that can be used for hydroelectricity. By discharging ballast water near the islands, large vessels and smaller fishing boats have introduced nonindigenous plant and animal species to the islands coasts.9 The situation in the Galapagos Islands also highlights how migration can contribute to the depletion of natural resources. It attracts tourists to the beach 3. is an environmentally preferred option They have also been able to migrate inland when rapidly rising seas have overcome their ability to keep up. Many people worldwide live in coastal areas a whopping 44% of the global population live within 95 miles (150km) of the ocean, according to a 2010 report by the United Nations Atlas of the Oceans. In the Grass, On the Reef is funded by the National Science Foundation. Finally, people from local communities worked with PESCO-DEV to construct three-dimensional maps of their areas to highlight current land-use patterns and environmental resources. While PESCO-DEV is a recent small-scale project, its success provides an example of how local communities and governments can design and implement integrated population, health, and environment programs to protect and rehabilitate the coastal environment.1. Explain a sea wall in regards to coastal engineering? Breaking the marine food chain reduces vital supplies of protein for about 1 billion people, most of whom live in developing countries.27, Yet restricting fishing rights and access to coastal waters in order to project marine fauna may harm vulnerable groups of people. Excess sediments washed to coastal waters can smother eelgrass beds and other habitats, and can also reduce water quality. Coastal landscaping can help keep your bay or harbor clean. Requires maintenance and can be expensive. 8 - Beach grass to stabilise dunes at beaches. UNEP, Tourisms Three Main Impact Areas (Oct. 9, 2001), accessed online at www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sust-tourism/env-3main.htm, on Aug. 14, 2003. An SMP has been created for each sediment cell in the UK to help with coastline management. Aquaculture, the worlds fastest growing food production activity, with an annual growth rate of about 10 percent in the 1990s, can lead to the destruction of mangroves and may lead to irreversible damage to both estuarine and offshore fisheries by introducing biological, chemical, and organic pollutants (such as antibiotics and pesticides) and by modifying habitats.20. Engineering is a cost-benefit analysis in terms of coastal landforms promote increased erosion Population Variables, in,... Inclusion of Population Variables, those regions encompass many physical, social, Environment. Population Variables, when we need good, creative, dedicated people of exposing another community increased... 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